Alternativne škole i pedagogija Lava Nikolajeviča Tolstoja

master's thesis

• Title (english): Alternative schools and pedagogy of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy
• Author: Iva Kovač
• Mentor: Marina Đuranović (mentor)
• Committee member: Marina Đuranović (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Zdenko Braičić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Irena Klasnić (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Teacher Education; Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2021-09-13, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: SOCIAL SCIENCES; Pedagogy; School Pedagogy

Abstract

Želja za odgojem djece u slobodi kroz igru i praktičan rad javila se već u 19. stoljeću kao reakcija na dosadašnji klasični oblik obrazovanja i razredno-predmetnosatni sustav J. A. Komenskoga koji nije pratio i zadovoljavao razvojne potrebe djeteta. Učitelji i roditelji, pa i sami učenici, žele „obrnutu“ pedagogiju, pedagogiju u potpunosti usmjerenu na dijete te razvoj njegove samostalnosti. Kao rezultat potrebe za promjenama javljaju se različite pedagoške i didaktičke koncepcije koje su otvorile vrata školskom pluralizmu. Stoga, krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća otvaraju se škole koje su bile alternativa postojećim državnim školama i nazivaju se alternativne škole. Temeljile su se na različitim pedagoškim i didaktičkim načelima, ali imale su niz zajedničkih obilježja: orijentiranost na dijete i njegove interese i potrebe, individualizirani nastavni rad, cjelokupan razvoj djeteta i novu ulogu učitelja. U radu se pokušao dati kratak opis škola koje se temelje na različitim pedagoškim koncepcijama te su tako prikazane: waldorfska škola koja se temelji na pedagogiji Rudolfa Steinera, Montessori škola utemeljena na predagoškom konceptu Marije Montessori, Jenaplan škola čiji je utemeljitelj pedagog Peter Petersen, alternativna škola pedagoga Celestina Freineta te Summerhill škola koju je osnovao Alexander Sutherland Neill. U radu je prikazan i pristup pedagogiji koji je zastupao Lav Nikolajevič Tolstoj. Nit vodilja Tolstojevih škola bila je potpuna sloboda učenika. Tolstoj je odigrao veliku ulogu kao pedagog i preteča alternativnih škola kakve su danas poznate.

Abstract (english)

The need to raise children in freedom through play and practical work appeared in 19th century as a reaction to the current classical form of education and the classsubject-school-hour system of J. A. Comenius, which did not follow the developmental needs of the child. Theachers and parents, as well, as students themselves, want „reverse“ pedagogy, pedagogy completely focused on the child and the development of his independence. As a result of the need for change, various pedagogical and didactic conceptions have opened the door to school pluralism. Therefore, in the late 19th and early 20th centries, schools were opened as an alternative to the existing public schools and were called alternative schools. They were based on different pedagogical and didactic principles, but had a number of common features: child is in center with his interests and needs, individualized teaching, the overall development of the child and the new role of the teacher. The paper tries to give a brief description of schools based on different pedagogical concepts: Waldorf school based on Rudolf Steiner's pedagogy, Montessori school based on the pedagogical concept of Maria Montessori, Jenaplan school founded by pedagogue Peter Petersen, alternative school of pedagogue Celestin Freinet and the Summerhill School founded by Alexander Sutherland Neill. The paper also presents the approach to pedagogy advocated by Leo Tolstoy. The main aim of Tolstoy's schools was the complete freedom of students. Tolstoy played a great role as a pedagogue and forerunner of alternative schools as they are known today.

• Keywords: alternativne škole; pedagoška načela; dijete; sloboda
• Keywords (english): alternative schools; pedagogical principles; child; freedom
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:147:271732
• Study programme: Title: Integrated Undergraduate and Graduate University Programme of Study of Primary Teacher Education and Integrated Undergraduate and Graduate University Programme of Study for Primary Teacher Education with English and German Language; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra primarnog obrazovanja (magistar/magistra primarnog obrazovanja)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Access restricted to students and staff of home institution
• Created on: 2021-10-21 12:51:24