| Abstract | ADHD kao moderni pojam nikako nije moderni fenomen, nego je njegova pojavnost zabilježena još u doba Hipokrita. Iako je fenomen tijekom povijesti bio terminološki neujednačeno označen, trenutno prihvaćena definicija je da je to deficit pažnje i hiperaktivni poremećaj, odnosno ADHD je neurorazvojni poremećaj definiran narušavanjem razine nepažnje, neorganiziranosti i/ili hiperaktivnosti/impulzivnosti. Ovaj poremećaj očituje se kroz puno simptoma od kojih su najizraženiji impulzivnost, nepažnja i hiperaktivnost. Nastanak ADHD-anije do kraja razjašnjen, ali brojna istraživanja uzrok vide u više izvora: genetika, poremećaj funkcioniranja mozga, neurobiološki poremećaji, socijalne poteškoće i emocionalne poteškoće. Tretmani koji su usredočeni na djecu s ADHD-om, fokusiraju se na više polja: na dijete, na obitelj, na školu, terapija lijekovima.
Učinkovitost tretmana djece s ADHD-om ovisi o pravovremenom uočavanju simptoma ADHD-a u ranom i predškolskom odgoju i obrazovanju, upravo zbog toga što se dio simptoma ADHD-a razvija i prije uključivanja djeteta u osnovnoškolsko obrazovanje. Neuobičajeno ponašanje djeteta u predškolskoj instituciji brzo i lako je uočljivo budući da se sva djeca nalaze u istom okruženju i uvjetima. Takvo neuobičajeno ponašanje je odlikovano time da dijete ne sluša čitanje priče, konstantno se kreće, skače, stvara nered i ometa ostalu djecu u igri. U usporedbi s ostalom djecom, dijete s ADHD-om je jako nemirno, brzopleto i nefokusirano, a u grupnim igrama ne može dočekati da dođe na red. Odgajatelji u predškolskim ustanovama se učestalo u svom profesionalnom radu suočavaju s djecom s ADHD-om. Od njih se zahtjeva da u skladu s principima odgojno-obrazovne uključenosti doprinesu ostvarenju okruženja koje svu djecu smatra jednako vrijednima u teoriji i u praksi. Djeca s ADHD-om nemaju nedostatak vještina, talenata i sposobnosti, nego nedostatak sposobnosti regulacije pažnje, pa je važno principijelno djelovanje koje djetetu omogućava adaptivno funkcioniranje. |
| Abstract (english) | ADHD as a modern concept is not modern phenomenon at all, since its prevalence is known since age of Hippocrates. Although term ADHD through history was inconsistently used, now accepted definition says that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is neurodevelopmental disorder defined by the pattern of inattention, disorganization and/or hyperactivity/impulsiveness that interfere with functioning. This disorder manifest itself through a lot of symptoms related to impulsiveness, inattention and hyperactivity. Etiology of ADHD is not fully understood, but numerous studies show that genetics, brain function disorder, neurobiological disorder, social and emotional difficulties could contribute to development of ADHD. Treatments for children with ADHD disorder, are focused on child itself, their families, school and medication therapy.
The effectiveness of treatment for children with ADHD depends on noticing and assessing the symptoms of ADHD in early childhood precisely because some of the symptoms of ADHD develop even before the child starts elementary education. Unusual child's behavior in early education institution is easily and quickly noticed since all children are together in the same environment and conditions. Such unusual child's behavior is characterized by the child not listening to the reading of the story, constantly moving, jumping, creating the mess and distracting other children. Compared to the other children, a child with ADHD symptoms is restless, rash and unfocussed. Child with ADHD symptoms is impatient for it's turn for play during the group games. Teachers in early education institutions often work with children with ADHD symptoms. Therefore they are required to contribute to develop the environment in which all children are considered equally valuable and valued, both in theory and in practice. Children with ADHD symptoms do not have lack of skills, talents and abilities, bit lack of ability to regulate attention. Therefore, it is important to act in principle that enables the child to function adaptively. |
