| Abstract | Maria Montessori (1870.-1952.) je bila talijanska liječnica i pedagoginja, poznatija kao tvorac Montessori pedagoške koncepcije. Prvu dječju kuću „Caza dei Bambini“, za djecu normalnog razvoja, otvorila je 1907. godine u Rimu. Montessori metoda nastala je kao rezultat njezinoga promatranja i rada s djecom različite dobi, sposobnosti, kulture i različitog zdravstvenog stanja. Prema Mariji Montessori, djeca od rođenja prolaze kroz tri faze razvoja u kojima usvajaju znanje na kvalitativno različite načine. Također, Maria je na temelju vlastitih opažanja ustanovila šest razdoblja posebne osjetljivosti kod djece, a to su: osjetljivost za red, jezik, spretnost u kretanju, društveno ponašanje, male predmete i učenje putem osjetila. Za što bolju implementaciju Montessori pedagogije, Maria Montessori definirala je načela kojih se odgajatelji trebaju pridržavati u radu s djecom. Načela Montessori pedagogije su: poštovanje djeteta, osposobljavanje osjetila i kretanje, kako mišići pamte, polarizacija pažnje, slobodan izbor, pripremljena okolina i rad s materijalom. Montessori grupe su mješovite, namijenjene su djeci od 2,5 godine pa sve do polaska u školu te integriraju barem jedno dijete s teškoćama u razvoju. Pripremljena okolina je vrlo važna za Montessori pedagogiju, a ona uključuje Montessori prostor i pribor. Maria Montessori je osmislila poseban pribor za otkrivanje, eksperimentiranje, učenje i ponavljanje koji se dijeli na pribor za vježbe praktičnog života, pribor za poticanje osjetilnih sposobnosti, govora i matematike te pribor za kozmički odgoj. Montessori odgajatelj mora položiti posebnu edukaciju za rad s djecom te mora posjedovati pozitivne osobine kako bi mogao adekvatno riješiti zadatke koji su pred njega postavljeni.
Prvi Montessori vrtić u Republici Hrvatskoj je otvorila barunica Dédée Vranyczany 1934. godine u Zagrebu, a danas je Montessori metoda široko prihvaćena i primjenjuje se u radu s predškolskom djecom diljem Hrvatske. |
| Abstract (english) | Maria Montessori (1870 - 1952) was an Italian physician and an educator, better known as the author of the Montessori pedagogical concept. She opened the first Children's House or "Caza dei Bambini" for children of regular development in 1907 in Rome.
The Montessori Method was created as a result of her observation and working with children of different ages, abilities, cultural attitudes and various health conditions. According to Maria Montessori, since birth children go through three planes of development in which they acquire knowledge in qualitatively different ways. In addition, based on her own monitoring, Montessori identified six periods of particular sensitivity in children, namely: need for order, acquisition of language, readiness for movement, social behaviour, interest in small objects, and sensory refinement. To achieve the optimal implementation of the Montessori pedagogy, Maria Montessori established the principles that educators should adhere to while working with children. The key Montessori principles include respect for the child, training the senses and movement, how muscles remember, polarization of attention, free choice, prepared environment, and working with materials. Montessori groups are mixed-age, intended for children from the age of two and a half until they start school, and integrate at least one child with developmental disabilities. The prepared environment is very important for the Montessori pedagogy, and it encompasses the Montessori space and specialized educational materials. Maria Montessori designed a special kit for discovering, experimenting, learning and repetition, which is divided into tools for practical life activities, materials for stimulating receptive capabilities, speech and mathematics, and materials for cosmic education. A Montessori educator needs to undergo a specialized training for working with children, and has to possess positive traits in order to be able to adequately solve the tasks set before him/her.
The first Montessori kindergarten in Croatia was opened by the Baroness Dédée Vranyczany in 1934 in Zagreb, and nowadays this method has increasingly been accepted and applied in working with preschool children throughout Croatia. |
