| Sažetak | Ovaj završni rad istražuje različite aspekte autizma u kontekstu ranog i predškolskog odgoja. Rad se sastoji od nekoliko ključnih tema koje pružaju sveobuhvatan pregled povijesti, dijagnostike i tretmana autizma, kao i specifičnih izazova i prilagodbi potrebnih za kvalitetnu inkluziju djece s autizmom u predškolske ustanove. Povijest autizma obuhvaća pregled razvoja razumijevanja ovog poremećaja kroz povijest, od prvih opažanja do suvremenih klasifikacija. Definiranje autizma uključuje opis autističnog spektra, koji obuhvaća raznolike simptome i stupnjeve manifestacije, uključujući atipični autizam, dezintegrativne poremećaje u djetinjstvu, Rettov sindrom i Aspergerov sindrom. Rano otkrivanje autizma ključno je za pravovremenu intervenciju i uključuje prepoznavanje ranih znakova i simptoma, poput poteškoća u socijalnoj interakciji, komunikaciji i specifičnih obrazaca ponašanja. Posebne sposobnosti osoba s autizmom, kao što su iznimne vještine u određenim područjima, također su razmatrane, uz naglasak na važnost prepoznavanja i poticanja tih sposobnosti. Rehabilitacija uključuje različite terapijske pristupe kao što su terapija lijekovima, terapija igrom, likovna terapija, kineziterapija. Svaka od ovih metoda ima specifične ciljeve i koristi u podršci razvoju djeteta s autizmom. Stereotipije i poremećaji iz autističnog spektra obuhvaćaju analizu specifičnih ponašanja koja se često pojavljuju kod djece s autizmom, poput ponavljajućih pokreta ili rituala, te se istražuju strategije za njihovo upravljanje. Rad također obrađuje inkluziju u predškolskoj ustanovi, gdje se razmatraju prilagodbe okoline vrtića, vještine odgajatelja potrebne za rad s djecom s autizmom, te opservacija i procjena različitih aspekata razvoja kao što su komunikacija i govor, socio-emoconalni razvoj, motorika, pažnja i koncentracija, spoznajni razvoj te briga o sebi. Rana intervencija i inkluzivno obrazovanje ključno je za podršku djeci s autizmom, pružajući im priliku za optimalan razvoj i socijalizaciju u skladu s njihovim individualnim potrebama. Rad naglašava važnost kontinuiranog obrazovanja i usavršavanja odgajatelja, kao i suradnje s roditeljima i stručnjacima iz različitih područja. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | This paper explores various aspects of autism in the context of early childhood and preschool education. It consists of several key topics that provide a comprehensive overview of the history, diagnosis, and treatment of autism, as well as the specific challenges and adaptations required for the effective inclusion of children with autism in preschool settings. The history of autism covers the development of understanding this disorder from the first observations to modern classifications. Defining autism includes a description of the autism spectrum, which encompasses diverse symptoms and degrees of manifestation, including atypical autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett syndrome, and Asperger's syndrome. Early detection of autism is crucial for timely intervention and involves recognizing early signs and symptoms, such as difficulties in social interaction, communication, and specific behavioral patterns. Special abilities of individuals with autism, such as exceptional skills in certain areas, are also discussed, with an emphasis on recognizing and fostering these talents. Rehabilitation includes various therapeutic approaches such as medication therapy, play therapy, art therapy, music therapy, kinesiotherapy, and behavioral approaches. Each of these methods has specific goals and benefits in supporting the development of a child with autism. Stereotypies and disorders on the autism spectrum include an analysis of specific behaviors often observed in children with autism, such as repetitive movements or rituals, and strategies for managing them. The paper also addresses inclusion in preschool settings, discussing environmental adaptations in kindergartens, skills required of educators working with children with autism, and observation and assessment of various developmental aspects such as communication and speech, socioemotional development, motor skills, attention and concentration, cognitive development, and self-care. The conclusion emphasizes that early intervention and inclusive education are crucial for supporting children with autism, providing them with opportunities for optimal development and socialization according to their individual needs. The paper highlights the importance of continuous education and professional development for educators, as well as collaboration with parents and professionals from various fields |
